PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA
(mosses) Generally small; multicellular plants; live on land in moist habitats; lack vascular tissue; lack true roots, leaves, and stems; gametophyte dominant; water required for reproduction.
PHYLUM HEPATICOPHYTA
(liverworts) Generally small, flat, lobe-shaped; multicellular plants; live on land in moist habitats; lack vascular tissue and true roots, leaves, and stems; gametophyte dominant; water required for reproduction.
PHYLUM ANTHCEROPHYTA
(hornworts) Generally small; multicellular plants; live on land in moist habitats; lack vascular tissue and true roots, leaves, and stems; gametophyte dominant; named for horn-shaped sporophyte; water required for reproduction.
PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA
(club mosses) Primitive vascular plants; usually small; sporophyte dominant; possess roots, stems, and leaves; water required for reproduction. Examples: club moss, quillwort.
PHYLUM ARTHROPHYTA
(horsetails) Primitive vascular plants; stems comprise most of mature plants and contain silica; produce only one kind of spore; motile sperm must swim in water. Only one living genus. Example: Equisetum.
PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA
(ferns) Vascular plants well-adapted to live in predominantly damp or seasonally wet environments; sporophyte dominant and well adapted to terrestrial life; gametophyte inconspicuous; reproduction still dependent on water for free-swimming gametes. Examples: cinnamon fern, Boston fern, tree fern, maidenhair fern.
PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTA
(cycads) Evergreen, slow-growing, tropical and subtropical shrubs; many resemble small palm trees; palmlike or fernlike compound leaves; sexes are separate—individuals have either male pollen-producing cones or female seed-producing cones.
PHYLUM GINKGOPHYTA
(ginkgoes) Deciduous trees with fan-shaped leaves; sexes separate; outer skin of ovule develops into a fleshy, fruitlike covering. Only one living species: Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
PHYLUM GNETOPHYTA
(gnetophytes) Few species; mostly desert-living. Examples: Welwitschia, Mormon tea (Ephedra).
PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA
(conifers) Seeds born on cones; predominantly wind-pollinated; most are evergreen; most are temperate and subarctic shrubs and trees; many have needlelike leaves; in most species, sexes are not separate. Examples: pine, spruce, cedar, cypress, yew, fir, larch, sequoia.
PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA
(angiosperms: flowering plants) Seeds develop enclosed within ovaries; leaves modified into flowers; flowers pollinated by wind or by animals, including insects, birds, and bats; occur in many different forms; found in most land and freshwater habitats; a few species found in shallow saltwater and estuarine areas.
Class Monocotyledonae
(monocots) Embryo with a single cotyledon; leaves with predominantly parallel venation; flower parts in multiples of three; vascular bundles scattered throughout stem. Examples: lily, corn, grasses, iris, palm, tulip.
Class Dicotyledonae
(dicots) Embryo with two cotyledons; leaves with venation in netlike patterns; flower parts in multiples of fours or fives; vascular bundles arranged in rings in stem. Examples: rose, maple, oak, daisy, apple.
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